活性氧與氧化壓力檢測介紹
活性氧（ROS）是含有氧的活性化學物質。這些包括過氧化物、超氧化物、羥基自由基、單線態氧和α-氧。
由於 ROS 的瞬態性質，儘管使用基於螢光染料的檢測（例如 DCFDA）可以輕鬆在活細胞中測量它們，但在組織和生物流體樣本中測量它們可能更困難。
DCFDA 檢測方案是基於 DCFDA/H2DCFDA/DCFH-DA/DCFH 擴散到細胞。進入細胞後，它被細胞酯酶去乙醯基成非螢光化合物，並被ROS氧化成2′,7′-二氯螢光素(DCF)。 DCF 具有強螢光性，可透過激發/發射波長為 485/535 nm 的螢光光譜進行檢測。
| Cat no. | Product name | Sample type | Platform |
| ab113851 | DCFDA / H2DCFDA – Cellular ROS Assay Kit | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Microplate reader, Flow cytometer, Fluorescence microscope |
| ab139477 | Cellular Superoxide Detection Assay Kit | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Flow cytometer, Fluorescence microscope |
| ab139476 | ROS/Superoxide Detection Assay Kit (Cell-based) | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Flow cytometer, Fluorescence microscope |
| ab186027 | Cellular ROS Assay Kit (Red) | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Microplate reader, Fluorescence microscope |
| ab186028 | Cellular ROS Assay Kit (Orange) | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Microplate reader, Flow cytometer, Fluorescence microscope |
| ab186029 | Cellular ROS Assay Kit (Deep Red) | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Microplate reader, Flow cytometer, Fluorescence microscope |
| ab139473 | Cellular ROS/RNS Assay Kit | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Fluorescence microscope |
| ab219931 | Mitochondrial Hydroxyl Radical Detection Assay Kit | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Microplate reader, Fluorescence microscope |
| ab219943 | Mitochondrial Superoxide Assay Kit (Fluorometric) | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Microplate reader, Fluorescence microscope |
| ab138874 | Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit (Cell-based) | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Fluorescence microscope |
| ab138886 | Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit (Fluorometric – Near Infrared) | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Microplate reader |
| ab102500 | Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit | Cell culture media, Cell Lysate, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Microplate reader |
DNA/RNA 損傷、脂質過氧化和蛋白質氧化/硝化
氧化壓力（oxidative stress）可以透過測量 DNA/RNA 損傷、脂質過氧化和蛋白質氧化/硝化的水平來間接測量，而不是直接測量 ROS。這些氧化壓力標記物比 ROS 具有更持久的特性。
- DNA/RNA損傷
有幾種類型的 DNA/RNA 損傷可以作為氧化壓力的標記進行測量。 8-羥基脫氧鳥苷 (8-OHdG) 可能是測量氧化壓力最常用的 DNA 損傷標記物。彗星試驗、脫嘌呤/脫嘧啶位點試驗和醛誘導損傷試驗可以間接測量與氧化壓力相關的DNA損傷。
- 脂質過氧化
丙二醛（MDA）是最常用的氧化壓力脂質標記。 MDA 透過多元不飽和脂肪酸的過氧化形成，通常使用 TBARS 測定進行定量。然而，其他醛類也在 TBARS 測定中產生訊號，因此該測定對於 MDA 並不完全具有特異性。儘管如此，TBARS 測定通常比使用 HPLC 測量 MDA 更方便。您也可以執行競爭性 ELISA 測定來測量 MDA。
其他脂質過氧化標記包括 4-HNA、8-異前列腺素、脂質氫過氧化物和氧化 LDL。
- 蛋白質氧化/硝化
蛋白質引起的氧化損傷可以以蛋白質羰基化和蛋白質硝化（3-硝基酪胺酸）的形式發生。 ROS也可引起晚期糖化終產物(AGE)和高級氧化蛋白產物(AOPP)的形成。所有這些標記物都可以使用標準測定來測量。
| Cat no. | Product name | Sample type | Detection method |
| ab201734 | 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine ELISA Kit | Cell Lysate, Plasma, Saliva, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab133085 | Lipid Hydroperoxide (LPO) Assay Kit | Cell culture extracts, Plasma, Tissue Extracts | Colorimetric |
| ab118970 | Lipid Peroxidation (MDA) Assay Kit | Cell culture extracts, Plasma, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric, Fluorometric |
| ab126287 | Protein Carbonyl Content Assay Kit | Cell Lysate | Colorimetric |
| ab211154 | DNA Damage Assay Kit (AP sites) | DNA | Colorimetric |
| ab178020 | Protein Carbonyl Assay Kit (Western Blot) | Adherent cells, Suspension cells, Tissue Homogenate | Chemiluminescent |
抗氧化劑 (Antioxidants)
抗氧化酶和其他還原分子可中和引起氧化損傷的活性氧。有三種類型的抗氧化劑用作氧化壓力標記物：小分子、酵素和蛋白質（例如白蛋白）。
有許多測定樣品總抗氧化能力的方法，包括測量小分子和蛋白質抗氧化能力的方法。 最常見的總抗氧化能力測定之一是 Trolox 當量抗氧化能力測定 (TEAC)。氧自由基抗氧化能力測定（ORAC）是另一種常見的氧化壓力分析方法，可透過減少ROS產生的螢光來測量抗氧化劑的能力。
抗氧化活性也可以透過測量特定分析物的量來確定。例如，這可以透過查看 GSH 和 GSSG 的相對量來完成。穀胱甘肽 (GSH) 被認為是內源性抗氧化劑中最豐富的分子，並形成氧化形式 GSSG。它被穀胱甘肽還原酶回收。
或者，可以根據氧化壓力水平來測量抗氧化酶（例如 GST 和超氧化物歧化酶）的活性水平。
| Cat no. | Product name | Sample type | Detection method |
| ab65329 | Total Antioxidant Capacity Assay Kit | Cell culture media, Cell Lysate, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab234626 | FRAP Assay Kit (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay) | Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum | Colorimetric |
| ab65656 | Ascorbic Acid Assay Kit (Biological Samples) | Cell culture extracts, Cell culture media, Cell culture supernatant, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab65348 | NAD/NADH Assay Kit | Cell Lysate, Serum, Tissue Lysate, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab176723 | NAD/NADH Assay Kit | Cell Lysate, Tissue Lysate | Fluorometric |
| ab65349 | NADP/NADPH Assay Kit | Cell Lysate, Tissue Extracts | Colorimetric |
| ab176724 | NADP/NADPH Assay Kit | Cell culture extracts, Tissue Extracts | Fluorometric |
| ab138881 | GSH/GSSG Ratio Detection Assay Kit (Green) | Cell Lysate, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Fluorometric |
| ab205811 | GSH/GSSG Ratio Detection Assay Kit II (Green) | Cell Lysate, Plasma, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Fluorometric |
| ab112158 | Free Thiol Assay Kit | Cell culture extracts, Plasma, Urine | Fluorometric |
| ab219272 | Total Protein Thiol Assay Kit | Purified protein | Colorimetric |
| ab112132 | Intracellular glutathione (GSH) Detection Assay Kit | Adherent cells, Suspension cells | Fluorometric |
| ab65325 | GST Activity Assay Kit | Cell Lysate, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Purified protein, Saliva, Serum, Tissue Lysate, Urine | Fluorometric |
| ab65326 | GST Assay Kit | Cell Lysate, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab65354 | Superoxide Dismutase Activity Assay Kit | Cell culture media, Cell Lysate, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab83461 | Glutathione Reductase (GR) Assay Kit | Cell Lysate, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab102522 | Xanthine Oxidase Activity Assay Kit | Cell culture extracts, Milk, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric, Fluorometric |
| ab102530 | Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit | Cell culture supernatant, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Platelets, Serum, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab109712 | Aconitase Activity Assay Kit | Cell culture extracts, Tissue | Colorimetric |
| ab118184 | Catalase Activity Assay Kit (Immunocapture) | Cell culture extracts, Tissue Extracts | Colorimetric |
| ab83464 | Catalase Activity Assay Kit | Cell Lysate, Plasma, Serum, Tissue Lysate, Urine | Colorimetric, Fluorometric |
| ab83463 | Thioredoxin Reductase Assay Kit | Cell culture extracts, Other biological fluids, Tissue Extracts, Urine | Colorimetric |
| ab184867 | NQO1 Activity Assay Kit | Adherent cells, Cell culture extracts, Cell Lysate, Suspension cells, Tissue Extracts, Tissue Homogenate, Tissue Lysate | Colorimetric |
| ab155895 | Peroxidase Activity Assay Kit | Cell culture supernatant, Other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum, Urine | Colorimetric, Fluorometric |
| ab179843 | Oxidative Stress Defense (Catalase, SOD1, TRX, smooth muscle Actin) Western Blot Cocktail | Cell Lysate, Tissue Homogenate | Chemiluminescent |
