Abcam | 癌症生物標記指南-癌症生物標記之列表

每年的2月4日是世界癌症日，訂立在這天主要是提高全球對於癌症的認識，促進癌症預防、檢測和治療的努力。癌症作為一種嚴重的疾病，對世界各地的人們造成巨大的健康威脅。然而隨著科學技術的發展，我們有了更多的工具來對抗癌症。

在癌症的研究和診斷中，生物標記(biomarkers)扮演重要的角色。生物標記是能夠指示或預測特定生物狀態的物質，如某種疾病的存在或發生。透過檢測和分析這些生物標記，我們能夠提前發現疾病，進行更準確的診斷，並選擇更有效的治療方法。

以下將整理各種癌症相關的生物標記物:

癌症轉移之生物標記

癌症轉移是指從原發腫瘤轉移到遠處組織或器官，此過程可以說確定癌症發病率的一個重要因素之一，也是癌症惡性的特點。

Immunohistochemistry(IHC)在預測癌症、腫瘤轉移的判讀對於早期個人化治療癌症非常重要。因此準確的癌症轉移生物標記能夠幫助檢測轉移的早期階段、癌症轉移的首選部位以及癌症復發的風險。

肺癌生物標記

肺癌是全球癌症死亡的主要原因之一，大約佔整體的三分之一。肺癌也分成不同類型以及其細胞來源，包含腺癌、鱗狀細胞癌和大細胞癌。對於檢測這些不同類型的肺癌，可選擇用於檢測肺癌特異性生物標記物的抗體。

Marker	Localization	Recommended IHC antibody
AHR	Nuclear and Cytoplasm	–
PD-L1	Cell Membrane	ab205921
PD1	Cell Membrane	ab237728
SPA	Secreted protein within the extracellular space	ab183332
SOX2	Nuclear	ab93689
MET	Cell Membrane	ab51067
Fas	Secreted Protein and Cell Membrane	ab133619
GSTP1	Cytoplasm	ab138491
Ki67	Nuclear	ab16667
MCM7	Nuclear	ab52489
ASCL1	Mitochondrion Outer Membrane, Peroxisome Membrane. Microsome Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane.	ab213151

乳癌生物標記

IHC 是乳癌診斷和乳癌病理研究中常用的方法，透過特定的生物標記可以確認乳癌不同的類型，例如:原位癌或浸潤性癌、區分正常乳腺細胞類型(luminal, basal and myoepithelial)、增殖和疾病進展。

Marker	Localization	Recommended IHC antibody
Estrogen receptor alpha	Nuclear	ab32063
Progesterone receptor	Nuclear	ab101688
ErbB2/HER2	Cytoplasmic, Nuclear, and Strongly in the cell membrane	ab214275
p53	Cytoplasm and Strong Nuclear	ab32389
BRCA1	Nuclear Signal	ab213929
EGFR	Cytoplasm and Strong Nuclear	ab40815
CK7	Cytoplasm	ab68459
CK20	Cytoplasm	ab76126
Cyclin D1	Nuclear	ab134175
Ki67	Nuclear	ab16667
COX-2	Cytoplasm	ab179800
Caveolin-1	Cell membrane	ab32577
FOXA1	Nuclear signal	ab170933
GATA3	Nuclear signal	ab199428
CK5	Cytoplasm and Cell Membrane	ab52635
SMMHC	Cytoplasm	ab233940
E-cadherin	Cell junctions	ab40772
ACTA2	Cytoplasm	ab124964
Calponin	Cytoplasm	ab227661
Delta-1-Catenin	Cytoplasm and Cell Membrane	ab227638
CK14	Cytoplasm	ab181595
ALDH1A1	Emerging breast cancer biomarkers
SLFN11	Emerging breast cancer biomarkers

大腸直腸癌生物標記物

大腸直腸癌是全球常見的惡性腫瘤之一，為了更準確的診斷和治療大腸直腸癌，尋找並研究與相關的生物標記非常重要，以協助早期檢測、確認病變類型及惡性程度。

Marker	Localization	Recommended IHC antibody
Calretinin	Cytoplasmic and Nuclear	ab92341
MUC2	Intestine, Secreted into the inner and outer mucus layers	ab134119
COX-2	Microsome Membrane and Endoplasmic Reticulum	ab179800
LI Cadherin	Cell Membrane	ab109190
GPA33	Cell Membrane	ab108938
EGFR	Secreted and Cell Membrane	ab227642
VEGF	Secreted Protein	ab52917
p53	Cytoplasm and Strong Nuclear	ab32389
Ki67	Nuclear	ab16667
IGFBP2	Secreted Protein	ab188200
PKM2	Nuclear and Cytoplasm	ab154816
CDX2	Nuclear	ab76541
Ep-CAM	Cell Membrane	ab223582
Villin	Cytoplasm	ab133510
CK7	Cytoplasm	ab68459
CK20	Cytoplasm	ab76126
NOTUM	Emerging Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers

前列腺癌生物標記

前列腺癌是全球男性第二常見的癌症。由於用於前列腺IHC診斷的生物標記其精準度和準確性仍存在爭議，目前仍正在尋找替代的特異性和敏感的前列腺癌生物標記物來改善結果。

Marker	Localization	Recommended IHC antibody
PSA	Cytoplasmic and Extracellular	ab76113
AMACR	Cytoplasmic	ab268062
SLC45A3	Membrane	ab137065
PSMA	Cytoplasmic and Cell Membrane	ab133579
PAP	Secreted, Cytoplasmic and Cell Membrane	ab109004
NKX3.1	Nuclear	ab196020
p63	Nuclear	ab124762
ERG	Nuclear and Cytoplasmic	ab92513
PTEN	Nuclear	ab170941
Fatty acid synthase	Nuclear	ab128870
FOXA1	Nuclear	ab170933
PSP94	Cytoplasmic and Secreted	ab133296
VEGFA	Nuclear	ab52917
p27^kip1	Nuclear and Cytoplasmic in some cancers	ab32034
CK5	Cytoplasmic	ab52635
CK6	Cytoplasmic	ab52620
KLK2	Cytoplasmic and Secreted	ab40749
AR-V7 specific	Emerging prostate cancer biomarkers
Hepsin/HPN	Emerging prostate cancer biomarkers

卵巢癌生物標記

卵巢癌是女性婦科癌症死亡的主要原因，此疾病的高死亡率主要是由於疾病診斷已處於晚期，對於治療成功率相對較低。因此若有適合卵巢癌診斷和預後生物標記，就能夠預測早期卵巢癌的存在、疾病狀態、分期和相關治療效果的能力，可改變卵巢癌的檢測和治療。

Marker	Localization	Recommended IHC antibody
PAX8	Nuclear	ab239363
MUC16	Strong Membranous Staining	ab110640
WT1	Nuclear	ab89901
p53	Nuclear	ab227655
HE4	Nuclear	ab200828
CDKN2A/p16INK4a	Nuclear and cytoplasmic	ab108349
Estrogen receptor alpha	Nuclear stain. Cytoplasmic staining alone is considered negative for ovarian cancer.	ab16660
Progesterone receptor	Nuclear	ab16661
HER2	Nuclear, Perinuclear and Membranous	ab134182
Osteopontin	Secreted	ab214050
PD1	Cell Membrane	ab237728
IGFBP2	Secreted	ab188200
Kallikrein 8	Secreted	ab150395
CK7	Cytoplasmic	ab68459
CK20	Cytoplasmic	ab76126
Pan-cytokeratin	Cytoplasmic	ab7753
Vimentin	Cytoplasmic	ab92547
FOXL2	Nuclear	ab246511
ARID1A	Nuclear	ab182561
CD9	Emerging ovarian cancer biomarkers
PAX8	Emerging ovarian cancer biomarkers

胰臟癌生物標記

胰臟癌是全球第七大癌症死亡原因之一，死亡率與發病率一致，代表著此癌症類型有著預後不良。透過不斷發現和驗證新的腫瘤相關生物標記以及開發有效的IHC組合，病理學家可以區分不同類型的胰臟癌，並將胰臟癌與其他繼發性轉移癌區分開來。

Marker	Localization	Recommended IHC antibody
IMP3	Nuclear and Cytoplasmic	ab179807
S100P	Nuclear and Cytoplasmic	ab133554
MUC1	Membranous and Cytoplasmic	ab109185
Mesothelin	Extracellular, Cell Membrane and Punctate cytoplasmic staining	ab134109
SMAD4	Nuclear staining in normal cells with loss of nuclear staining in malignancy	ab217267
TOP2A	Cytoplasmic and Nuceloplasmic	ab52934
CEACAM1	Secreted and Cell Membranous	ab108397
Thymidylate synthase	Cytoplasmic	ab108995
REG3A	Nuclear	ab202057
p-glycoprotein	Cell membrane	ab170904
KRAS	Cell membrane	ab275875
MUC4	Secreted and Cell Membrane	ab183320
ERCC1	Nuclear	ab129267
EGFR	Cell Membrane	ab32198
Topoisomerase I	Nuclear	ab109374
RRM1	Cytoplasmic	ab137114
Claudin 4	Cell membrane	ab210796
IgG4	Cytoplasmic	ab109493
FOXA2	Nuclear	ab108422
Carboxypeptidase A	Secreted	ab278044
PTL	Secreted	ab133556
TFF3	Emerging pancreatic cancer biomarkers
PTX3	Emerging pancreatic cancer biomarkers

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